Universal rings arising in geometry and group theory

Various algebraic structures in geometry and group theory have appeared to be governed by certain universal rings. Examples include: the cohomology rings of Hilbert schemes of points on projective surfaces and quasiprojective surfaces; the Chen-Ruan orbifold cohomology rings of the symmetric products; the class algebras of wreath products, as well as their associated graded algebras with respect to a suitable filtration. We review these examples, and further provide a new elementary construction and explanation in the case of symmetric products. We in addition show that the Jucys-Murphy elements can be used to clarify the Macdonald’s isomorphism between the FH-ring for the symmetric groups and the ring of symmetric functions.